1. Introduction The discourse in the interrogation process is one of the most interesting and valuable areas of language research. What creates the discourse of an interrogation is the sequence of Questions and answers among the participants in an interrogation interaction. The interrogator, including the police, the interrogator, the judge, etc., uses the Q&A strategy to control the conversation and interact with respondents, including witnesses, defendants, informants, etc. This study sought to answer the following Questions: 1. How many Questions can be used in the interrogation process? What is the degree of control and the pragmatic role of each Question? Among the studies on the use of language in the judicial system, it seems that the discourse of interrogation and verbal interaction in this area has not been seriously discussed, and in this respect, the present study may provide insights into the interrogation process and the participants in the interaction which has not been investigated so far. . .

Introduction: Alternative punishments of imprisonment, which are called as a new approach of the penal system to fight against the negative consequences of prison, have many effects and consequences that need to be investigated. Therefore, in this study, while examining the types of Alternative punishments, the moral and social effects of the implementation of these punishments have been explored. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted using an analytical-descriptive method. In this study, in order to provide an appropriate answer to the Question presented, by referring to the theoretical bases (books) and articles published in the ISC, Magiran, Civilica, SID and Ensani in the years 2011 to 2023 and with the method of extracting the existing legal provisions, the effectiveness of this type of punishment was also criticized in reaching the intended goals. Conclusion: The results of this study show that with the implementation of such punishments, the level of public trust, the growth of morals and social capital in the society will also improve. Therefore, the implementation of these punishments, while reducing the criminal population of prisoners and reforming them, provides better implementation of social justice and improvement of public trust, emotional and financial support for the families of criminals

We are... So, to reframe the inquiry: who are we on a metaphysical level? Which aspects of ourselves are the most universally representative of who we are? How do we fare in the face of the passage of time? For decades, philosophers have debated the concept of diachronic personal identity, which focuses on the Question of what keeps us alive. An intricate debate has developed between those who hold the body view (animalism) and those who hold the psychological view (memory) on the Question of who we are. The two groups will eventually become so firmly set in their views that they will be unable to compromise. Hylomorphic animalism, or the view that humans are rational animals, living bodies made of prime matter and a rational soul, is an Alternative answer to this divisive Question that I propose in this study, following in the footsteps of Aristotle and Aquinas. We only survive if matter and rational souls do.

The investigation presented in this paper is a novel method in Question answering (QA) that enables a QA system to gain performance through reuse of information in the answer to one Question to answer another related Question. Our analysis shows that a pair of Question in a general open domain QA can have embedding relation through their mentions of noun phrase expressions. We present methods for recognition of embedding property between a pair of Questions by focusing on the techniques applied to match noun phrase mentions in the Questions. We then take advantage from the discovery of embedding relationship and extract referent named entities corresponding to the noun phrase expression that are present in the answer of one Question. The named entities will then be used as significant terms in the query generation phase of the QA system to retrieve more pertinent answers. Finally, we discuss on data set resources and system evaluation.

The problem of personal identity among others may stem from the following Question—what does be the person that you are, from one day to the next, necessarily consist of? The diachronic problem of personal identity raises Question on the necessary and sufficient conditions for the identity of the person over time. The synchronic problem is grounded in the Question of what features or traits characterize a given person at one time. To answer these Questions, John Locke discarded the soul and the body as necessary and sufficient substances for personal identity over time. He accepted consciousness as the only criterion for personal identity; the only thing capable of remaining the same and preserving personal identity through change. Though Locke’s argument is somewhat clear and coherent but what remains vague and incoherent is embedded in the Question—what exactly is consciousness? How and why should it be the basis or criterion for the determination of personal identity? Using the method of critical analysis, I argue that Locke’s choice of consciousness as the determinant of personal identity, though quite novel, is incoherent and vague. Secondly, Locke had already presumed and anticipated clearly though fallaciously the very thing he wishes to substantiate. I therefore conclude that Locke’s argument is just another way of trying to escape but inadvertently prolonging the difficulty of apparently articulating a distinction between the psychological approach and physiological approach to the problem of personal identity. However, in my submission, I propose the concept of the “other” as Alternative approach— a sort of an extrinsic-intrinsic approach to the problem of personal identity.

Any litigation is composed of a series of facts and rules the distinction between them is of great import. One may distinct the factual elements of litigation as "Questions of fact" from the legal elements thereof classically called "Questions of law". The parties to litigation as well as the judges who adjudicate the litigation always need to keep this distinction in mind to avoid misleading the process of adjudication. "The due process of law" requires that both the litigants and the judge play their own role in the proceeding; while the litigants are to deal with the Questions of fact, the judge shall exclusively determine the Questions of law. This essay tries to draw a clear and pragmatic border between the Questions of fact and Questions of law and present a logically well-defined criterion appropriate to apply by the tribunals and judicial officers in this effect.

There are several meanings for the term hermeneutics on the basis of its application.The uses of the word should be precisely clarified their meaning and the amis by using this term. Criticism domain of artwork has had the most damage due to the peculiar application of the word hermeneutics and its different equivalents such as interpretation, analysis of critics and rhetoricians and thinkers in their written works. If the meaning of the words in their applications and the users intention of the words is not clarified there would happen no immediate and clear action would be at hand, moreover the written works readers would be mislead in understanding the have wrong interpretation to that of the authors. Interpretation and understanding a phenomenon is impossible as for as some thinkers take understanding and interpretation as a unique entity. Human mental capabilities are in form that allows making meaning for every phenomenon or seek to discover the meaning. Such capacity is called as interpretive capacity. Texts are unveiled through interpretation.The aim of text interpretation and understanding is to get its meaning, meaning is the fruit of understanding.Dasani is an interpret or that has heaven and innately interprets the phenomenon. In order to interpret a text it is necessary to have a method. The text direct the interpreters in finding the methods of interpretation, in other words texts are direction of interpreters for interpretation. Studying the definitions of hermeneutics and analyzing the interpretation process nature is necessary for any researcher. Because interpretation, cognition and cosmology have innate relation and in addition to this, interpretation in art domain appears in the form of art critics. The Question of what is hermeneutics and studying the general problems related to interpretation is the gist of this article.

A Question Answering System (QAS) is a special form of information retrieval that consists of three parts: Question processing, information retrieval, and answer selection. Determining the type of Question is the most important part of QAS as it affects the other following parts. In this work, we use the effective features and ensemble classification in order to improve the QAS performance by increasing the accuracy of Question type identification. We use the Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) in order to select the features and perform the ensemble classification. The proposed system is extensively tested on different datasets using four types of experiments: (1) neither feature selection nor ensemble classification, (2) feature selection without ensemble classification, (3) ensemble classification without feature selection, and (4) feature selection with ensemble classification. These four kinds of experiments are carried out under the Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm and GSA. The experimental results obtained show that the proposed method outperforms compared to the state-of-the-art methods in the previous research works.